Racionamiento y pobreza tras la Guerra Civil española.

El descenso de la población y la escasez de alimentos impusieron el racionamiento (en Agosto de 1939).

Mediante la cartilla de racionamiento se repartían entre la población algunos productos de primera necesidad. Igualmente, un sistema de cupos distribuía entre las industrias las escasas materias primas o fuentes de energía (hierro, carbón, algodón, petróleo...).

El racionamiento dio lugar al surgimiento del estraperlo y el mercado negro, mediante los cuales, los especuladores vendían los productos de forma clandestina a precios abusivos, a menudo el doble o triple del mercado oficial.

Fue precisamente el estraperlo el que marcó las diferencias sociales y políticas en la España de la posguerra y que dividió a los españoles en tres categorías, los ganadores que aseguraron un puesto decente de trabajo y que pasaron esta época sin carencias y bien nutridos; por otro lado los sobrevivientes, aquellos que habían perdido la guerra y que eran profesionales a los cuales por unos años les robaron hasta los títulos académicos para ejercer su profesión o que tenían un familiar fascista que les surtía de alimentos pero que padecieron enfermedades carenciales o que fueron víctimas de estados de desnutrición; y, por último, aquellos pobres desgraciados que no sobrevivieron ni siquiera a esta etapa de la historia y que fueron llenando los portales, hospitales, campos de concentración y calles con sus escuálidos cuerpos que parecían de cera y con barrigas hinchadas.

El racionamiento, los elevados precios de los productos en el mercado negro y los bajos salarios provocaron el hambre y la pobreza de buena parte de la población española.

Una de las muchas mujeres obligadas a ejercer la prostitución si no querían morir de hambre

La catastrófica situación dietética y social se reflejó en la aparición de la tuberculosis y cuya única prevención entonces, ya que todavía no se conocía en el país la penicilina, era la de vivir en habitaciones higiénicas y comer nutritivamente y en abundancia. El hambre y la convivencia forzada de gran número de personas en lugares insanos.

Pero otras enfermedades acechaban a la población como consecuencia de la falta de proteínas, azúcares y vitaminas, la ingestión de grasas de mala calidad y el abuso de bebidas alcohólicas, que curiosamente no estaban gravadas por la administración y eran muy baratas, tanto que hasta los más pobres tenían acceso a ella. Fue la hepatitis otro de los azotes, baste decir que se cuadruplicaron los casos entre 1936 y 1943, lo que trajo una legión de cirróticos que hacía más lamentable la imagen de un país que para evadirse de las miserias se refugiaba en la bebida.

English

The decline in population and food shortages imposed rationing (in August 1939). 

Ration by some staples were distributed among the population. Similarly, a system of quotas distributed among industries scarce raw materials or energy sources (iron, coal, cotton, oil ...).

Rationing led to the emergence of the black market whereby speculators sold products clandestinely at excessively high prices, often double or triple than the official market. 

Rationing, high product prices in the black market and low wages led to hunger and poverty in much of the Spanish population.

Surrealismo: Abstracción de 1960

The work is an oil on canvas 72 x 60 cm made ​​by Modesto Plums (Especialiced in Vanguard and Abstraction)

Modesto Plums was a pioneer. The first exponent of Spanish Abstract Art. His painting risky hatched a time when contemporary art, like so many things in the country, was a desolate wasteland, a devastated house, an arid desert.

Hiperrealismo: Kentucky Fried Chicken

The work (61 x 40.6 cm) by Richard Estes shows the front of a vehicle in which some buildings  of New York city are reflected, you also can see the city at the background.

Born in 1932 in Illinois, Richard Estes is regarded as one of the founders of the Photo-Realist movement which emerged in America in the late 1960's. He belongs to a rich history of artists who have depicted New York City and has a detailed knowledge of the city's diverse architecture, infrastructure and inhabitants. Although not a native New Yorker, the city has been his home and a recurring motif in his work for over 30 years.

Pop Art: Whaam!

Whaam! is a 1963 diptych painting by the American artist Roy Lichtenstein. It is one of the best-known works of pop art, and among Lichtenstein's most important paintings. Whaam! was first exhibited at the Leo Castelli Gallery in New York City in 1963, and purchased by the Tate Gallery, London, in 1966. It has been on permanent display at Tate Modern since 2006.

Lichtenstein studied as an artist before and after serving in the United States Army during World War II. He practiced anti-aircraft drills during basic training, and he was sent for pilot training but the program was canceled before it started. Among the topics he tackled after the war were romance and war. He depicted aerial combat in several works. Whaam! is part of a series on war that he worked on between 1962 and 1964, and along with As I Opened Fire (1964) is one of his two large war-themed paintings.

Cómics: Flash

It is the identity of various superheroes of the DC Universe; the first man to use it was Jay Garrick, considered the original Flash, and Flash of the golden age, it was created by Gardner Fox and Harry Lampert, first appeared in Flash Comics number one in January 1940.'s Flash have a high speed, great strength and reflexes which may even violate the laws of nature. So far there have been four different characters

The Flash first appeared in Flash Comics # 1 (1940) .6 His name was Jay Garrick, Barry Allen was the second, the third Flash was Wally West. There are also Flash Boys, which usually are the companions of the main heroes.

Picasso: La danza

This is a picture of large format (215 x 142 cm), whose subject constitute a group of naked women in a bourgeois room with papered walls, which are linked by hands dancing a frenetic and bizarre dance in front of a balcony from which the blue sky, sea or both currency

The painting is made ​​in 1925 when the painter had 54 years of age. At that time the artist was married to Russian ballerina Olga Khokhlova, with whom he had married on July 12, 1918 in Paris. His stage I was not going through the best of times, and a crisis in her marriage was abocando that relationship to a future separation.

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